Al other proteins were also identified and a complete analysis of the data will be presented elsewhere. ApoE is a ubiquitous cholesterolbinding protein that is linked to Ab biology and plaque deposition and the ApoE4 isoform is a genetic risk factor for AD [1]. ApoE has also been shown to interfere with Ab aggregation and to stabilize oligomeric forms [34]. The identification of ApoE4 as a binder to AbCC protofibrils in serum therefore supports the relevance of these as an engineered model of wild type Ab protofibrils and suggests that Ab42CC protofibrils may be employed 10457188 in proteomics to identify interacting proteins.Ab42CC protofibrils share conformational epitopes with wild type Ab oligomersWe previously reported [16] that toxic b-sheet containing oligomers and/or protofibrils of AbCC are recognized by the 16574785 mAb158 monoclonal antibody, which was selected based on its affinity for protofibrils of wild type Ab [31]. AbCC protofibrils are on the other hand not recognized by the A11 serum, which recognizes wild type Ab prefibrillar oligomers as well as oligomers of other peptides [32]. However, smaller oligomers of Ab40CC with less developed b-sheet content may avoid the protofibrillar state upon further aggregation and instead form aggregates that are indeed recognized by A11 [16]. This and other observations led us to suggest that AbCC, like wild type Ab, aggregates along at least two pathways [16]. The question remains, however, whether the aggregation pathways followed by AbCC actually also correspond to wild type aggregation pathways. We used the OC serum to address this issue. OC was obtained following immunization by fibrillar Ab, but OC recognizes an epitope that is common to amyloid fibrilsSynaptotoxicity of Ab42CC protofibrilsWe previously assessed the toxicity of AbCC aggregates by measuring their effect on the rate of apoptosis in SH-SY5YEngineered Ab42CC Protofibrils Mimic Wild Type AbFigure 5. OC serum dot blot. The fibril specific OC serum recognizes Ab42CC protofibrils and wild type Ab42 fibrils, but not monomeric Ab42CC or protofibrils that have been denatured by boiling in SDS. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066101.gneuroblastoma cells. We found that b-sheet containing oligomers and/or protofibrils of Ab42CC induced a dose-dependent apoptosis to an extent that equaled, or perhaps exceeded, that of wild type oligomer preparations. Monomeric AbCC or low-molecular weight oligomers of Ab42CC or monomeric or fibrillar Ab42 did not, on other hand, show any effects on apoptosis in the studied concentration range. This assay confirmed toxicity, but it would be desirable to monitor the more relevant effects on synaptic activity of living neurons in a more sophisticated assay. Therefore, we analyzed the influence of Ab42CC protofibrils on synaptic activity in primary mouse hippocampal neurons MedChemExpress Bexagliflozin cultured on the surface of microelectrode array chips, which allow the recording of spontaneous neuronal firing [9]. For comparison in this experiment we used oligomers of wild type Ab42 prepared as in previous applications of this neuronal activity assay, but in the same phosphate buffer as the Ab42CC protofibrils. Treatment with 1.5 mM of either Ab42CC protofibrils or wild type Ab42 oligomers both significantly inhibited spontaneous neuronal activity as compared to buffer-treated 3-Amino-1-propanesulfonic acid site culture; the Student’s t-test **p,0.0015 and *p,0.026, respectively (Fig. 7). The effect is concentration dependent and the toxicity of Ab42CC protofibrils is similar to.Al other proteins were also identified and a complete analysis of the data will be presented elsewhere. ApoE is a ubiquitous cholesterolbinding protein that is linked to Ab biology and plaque deposition and the ApoE4 isoform is a genetic risk factor for AD [1]. ApoE has also been shown to interfere with Ab aggregation and to stabilize oligomeric forms [34]. The identification of ApoE4 as a binder to AbCC protofibrils in serum therefore supports the relevance of these as an engineered model of wild type Ab protofibrils and suggests that Ab42CC protofibrils may be employed 10457188 in proteomics to identify interacting proteins.Ab42CC protofibrils share conformational epitopes with wild type Ab oligomersWe previously reported [16] that toxic b-sheet containing oligomers and/or protofibrils of AbCC are recognized by the 16574785 mAb158 monoclonal antibody, which was selected based on its affinity for protofibrils of wild type Ab [31]. AbCC protofibrils are on the other hand not recognized by the A11 serum, which recognizes wild type Ab prefibrillar oligomers as well as oligomers of other peptides [32]. However, smaller oligomers of Ab40CC with less developed b-sheet content may avoid the protofibrillar state upon further aggregation and instead form aggregates that are indeed recognized by A11 [16]. This and other observations led us to suggest that AbCC, like wild type Ab, aggregates along at least two pathways [16]. The question remains, however, whether the aggregation pathways followed by AbCC actually also correspond to wild type aggregation pathways. We used the OC serum to address this issue. OC was obtained following immunization by fibrillar Ab, but OC recognizes an epitope that is common to amyloid fibrilsSynaptotoxicity of Ab42CC protofibrilsWe previously assessed the toxicity of AbCC aggregates by measuring their effect on the rate of apoptosis in SH-SY5YEngineered Ab42CC Protofibrils Mimic Wild Type AbFigure 5. OC serum dot blot. The fibril specific OC serum recognizes Ab42CC protofibrils and wild type Ab42 fibrils, but not monomeric Ab42CC or protofibrils that have been denatured by boiling in SDS. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066101.gneuroblastoma cells. We found that b-sheet containing oligomers and/or protofibrils of Ab42CC induced a dose-dependent apoptosis to an extent that equaled, or perhaps exceeded, that of wild type oligomer preparations. Monomeric AbCC or low-molecular weight oligomers of Ab42CC or monomeric or fibrillar Ab42 did not, on other hand, show any effects on apoptosis in the studied concentration range. This assay confirmed toxicity, but it would be desirable to monitor the more relevant effects on synaptic activity of living neurons in a more sophisticated assay. Therefore, we analyzed the influence of Ab42CC protofibrils on synaptic activity in primary mouse hippocampal neurons cultured on the surface of microelectrode array chips, which allow the recording of spontaneous neuronal firing [9]. For comparison in this experiment we used oligomers of wild type Ab42 prepared as in previous applications of this neuronal activity assay, but in the same phosphate buffer as the Ab42CC protofibrils. Treatment with 1.5 mM of either Ab42CC protofibrils or wild type Ab42 oligomers both significantly inhibited spontaneous neuronal activity as compared to buffer-treated culture; the Student’s t-test **p,0.0015 and *p,0.026, respectively (Fig. 7). The effect is concentration dependent and the toxicity of Ab42CC protofibrils is similar to.
