12 p40 subunit gene. The transfection results with the IRF5 activators are shown in TBK-1 modification of IRF5 Phosphorylation of IRF5 appears to activate its ability to induce transcription of target genes. Since phosphorylation can change the mobility of proteins during gel electrophoresis, we evaluated the effect of activators on the migration of IRF5 through SDSPAGE. IRF5 was immunoprecipitated from cells co-expressing TBK-1, TRAF6, or RIP2, separated by gel electrophoresis, and detected by silver staining. There was an apparent decrease in the mobility of IRF5 only with expression of TBK-1. To more easily examine potential modified forms of IRF5 by gel electrophoresis we evaluated a smaller IRF5 protein lacking a.a. 1120 . Multiple slower migrating forms of DN IRF5 were readily apparent only with expression of TBK-1. To identify the IRF5 residues modified in response to TBK-1, we used mass spectrometry. Two approaches were used as described in Methods; in vitro phosphorylation of bacterially expressed IRF5 by immunocomplexes containing TBK-1, and in vivo phosphorylation of IRF5 by co-expression with TBK-1 in tissue culture cells. Modified forms of IRF5 were separated by SDS-PAGE and submitted for analysis. Two phosphoserines were identified, S158 and S309. To determine the contribution of these modified serines to the slow migrating forms of IRF5, we analyzed the behavior of alanine substitutions. Each individual mutation, S158A or S309A, resulted in the loss of a distinct modified form and also eliminated the slowest migrating form, suggesting the slowest form is a result of dual phosphorylation sites. A double mutation SS158,309AA IRF5 Activation eliminated all apparent slow migrating forms of IRF5. Since TRAF6 and RIP2 do not generate the distinct slow migrating forms of IRF5 with phosphoserine 158 or phosphoserine 309, it appears that S158 and S309 are specific phosphorylation sites of TBK-1, not TRAF6 or RIP2. IRF5 phosphorylation sites and their role in transcriptional activity 462. To address the contribution of these phosphorylation sites to IRF5 function, site-directed mutagenesis was performed to replace each modified amino acid with either alanine or aspartic acid. Alanine substitution was expected to eliminate 
effects of phosphorylation, and aspartic acid substitution could function as a phospho-mimetic with constitutive activity. The effects of alanine loss of function substitutions for serine/ threonine in IRF5 were evaluated with the IL12p40 RG-2833 web reporter system and RIP2. The most significant effect was found with the S462A substitution. This single mutation reduced transcriptional induction by approximately 70% compared with wt IRF5. The double mutation SS451,462AA further reduced IRF5 transcriptional activity, and substitution of all six phosphorylated PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189542 amino acids with alanine abrogated IRF5 function. The reduction in activity is not due to differences in protein expression. The results indicate S462 as the most critical phosphorylation site, however other phosphorylation sites do contribute to IRF5 activity since the 6A mutant is dead in this assay. In a converse approach, substitution with aspartic acid can serve as a phosphomimetic and reveal the positive contribution of the modified amino acids. Expression of the IRF5 aspartic acid substitutions in the absence of any activator was tested on induction of the IL12p40 promoter. S462D was the most active single mutation, and combined with S451D, significantly induced th
