-1 was highly expressed, particularly in A431 cells. The only major difference observed between the epithelial cell types was the expression of the HSPG syndecan-4 in FaDu and A431 cells, which was undetectable in TR146 cells. We next determined the surface expression of CD4, CCR5, CXCR4, DC-SIGN, GalCer, and HSPG’s on epithelial cells by flow cytometry. All three cell lines expressed undetectable levels of CD4 and very low levels of CCR5 and CXCR4 compared with control TZM-bl cells, which are HeLa cell derivatives engineered to express CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4. NP2 cells expressing either CCR5 or CXCR4 were also used as positive controls and expressed high levels of CD4. With regard to non-canonical receptors, both TR146 and FaDu oral cells expressed similar amounts of DC-SIGN and HSPG’s but FaDu cells expressed greater amounts of GalCer than TR146 cells. The similar amounts of surface HSPG’s expressed on TR146 and FaDu cells appears to be in contrast to the differences in gene expression data for syndecan4; however, this was expected since the detecting antibody recognizes other HSPG’s including syndecan-1, which is highly expressed in both TR146 and FaDu cells. Notably, A431 vaginal cells expressed significantly greater surface levels of GalCer and HSPG’s compared 21150909 with the oral cells, HSPG,10.3%; FaDu GalCer 25.5%, HSPG 6.3% ). TZM-bl cells expressed low levels of DCSIGN, GalCer and HSPG’s. Likewise NP2-X4 and R5 cells expressed low levels of DC-SIGN, but higher levels of GalCer. HIV-1 binding to epithelial cells We next determined whether HIV-1 can be captured by oral and vaginal epithelial cells. TR146, FaDu, 
A431 and TZM-bl cells were incubated overnight with cell free YU2 or LAI infectious virus. After extensive washing, the presence of attached virus was determined using three separate approaches. First, total protein was isolated and the presence of HIV-1 p24 gag protein determined by immunoblot analysis. p24 was present in TR146, FaDu and A431 protein lysates at levels similar to that found with TZM-bl cells, indicating that both R5 and X4 virus are captured by both oral and vaginal epithelial cells. We confirmed that R5 and X4 virus are also captured by primary oral epithelial cells . Given the identical HIV-1 binding data between primary and carcinoma epithelial cells, all other experiments were performed with TR146, FaDu and A431 cells. Second, using a more quantitative approach, the presence of immobilized virus on the surface of TR146, FaDu and A431 cells was determined by flow cytometry using a Cy5-labeled secondary antibody to detect a human monoclonal primary that Statistical analysis Where shown, the data were analyzed by ANOVA using SigmaPlot 12.5. A p value of less than 0.05 was taken to be significant. Results Expression of HIV-1 receptors in epithelial cells We first analyzed the gene expression levels of canonical and non-canonical normalized to b-actin in a minimum of three independent experiments. PBMCs showed significantly higher expression of CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4 than oral Ariflo manufacturer 16476508″ target=_blank”>16476508 or vaginal cell lines. A431 cells show significantly higher expression of SDC-1, whilst FaDu and A431 show significantly higher expression of SDC-4 than TR146. Bars indicate 6 standard deviation from the mean. = P,0.001, = P,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098077.g001 detected HIV-1 gp120. Both R5 and X4 virus was detected on TR146, FaDu and A431cells demonstrating direct binding of infectious virus to both oral and vaginal epithelial cells. Howe
