naive and in the conditions of ischaemia and reperfusion injury. We demonstrate that co-administration of mdivi-1 with doxorubicin significantly reduced doxorubicin-induced myocardial dysfunction and infarction in both conditions. Whether doxorubicin-induced effect on coronary flow was a direct effect on coronary endothelial cells or secondary to the injury of cardiac myocytes was not further investigated. It is critical to Th-1165a investigate therapeutic potential of anti-cancer compounds in stressed conditions such as ischaemia or reperfusion injury, as cancer and cardiovascular diseases are likely to co-exist in patients. It has also been shown that anti-cancer drugs can lead to or exacerbate the risk of cardiomyopathy when baseline heart diseases are taken into account. An analysis of 5-year cancer survivors has found that a huge number of cancer patients on anthracyclines die from cardiac related causes. They also showed that cancer treatments in childhood cancers increased the risk of congestive heart failure 15 fold compared to the non-treated. Furthermore, we have recently shown that doxorubicin administration at the time of reperfusion exacerbates ischaemia and reperfusion injury, which was abrogated with co-treated with mPTP blocker cyclosporin A. Hence, cancer therapeutics may prove to exacerbate underlying cardiovascular diseases, as we have shown in this study, and it is important to assess potential adjunct therapies in pathological conditions as well as in na?ve conditions. Recently, experimental evidence has highlighted multiple beneficial effects of mdivi-1 treatment by specific and nonspecific actions by reducing ischaemia reperfusion injury and pressure induced heart failure. Mdivi-1 treatment is also found to directly inhibit the rapidly activating delayedrectifier K+ currents in HL-1 cells in a concentration dependent manner. The protective effects of mdivi-1 in doxorubicininduced MLN1117 cardiotoxic effects observed in this study could be a direct effect on mitochondrial fragmentation, which is found to occur simultaneously with the release of cytochrome c. It has also been noted that Drp1 inhibition interferes with the apoptotic process, without completely inhibiting cell death. Direct effects of mdivi-1 on cardiac myocyte mitochondria were shown previously in myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury.
