where two immunoglobulin chains are fused into a single molecule. The MAbs bind to two diverse antigens and bring them together in close physical proximity, generating a new biological function. Emicizumab is an example that brings issue X and issue VIII together to initiate the coagulation cascade used within the prophylaxis of bleeding disorders including hemophilia A [48]. MAbs has also been utilised to provide a drug substance to a distinct site in the physique. The bonding among the drug and MAbs is accomplished carefully in such a manner that they usually do not undergo dissociation/degradation prior to reaching the target cells. A single such example is Moxetumomab pasudotox. This really is applied to treat hairy cell leukemia [49].Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22,eight ofAntigenization is often a newer method for delivering a vaccine molecule using the assist of MAbs. The particular sequence/fragment in the antigen can be incorporated into among the several binding domains of MAbs [50]. The MAbs, becoming specific in their target, provide the vaccine molecule inside the cell. The vaccine molecule will then activate the cells to produce immunogenic antigens, leading to the production of antibodies. However, this technologies is still inside the preclinical stage, where bovine herpes virus B cell epitopes happen to be successfully grafted onto a bovine immunoglobulin molecule [51]. four. Patent Search A patent literature evaluation revealed more than 100 diverse MAbs for SARS-CoV-2 registered by pharmaceutical businesses. The method to produce these MAbs has been patented. We chosen 88 such patents based on their content material and these were reviewed and analyzed for patent SphK2 Formulation status, technological innovations, study carried out, mechanism of action, unwanted side effects, contraindications/precautions, and any specific description about the agents. In accordance with the patent analysis, roughly 30 of published patents are registered by US-based businesses, with all the remainder registered by Chinese (10 ) and UK (9 ) providers [52]. Patent info in regards to the articles retrieved from search engines like google, which include Google Scholar, Pubmed and Science Direct are represented in Table 3, while those retrieved from WIPO are described in Table four. WIPO is an intergovernmental organization that basically protects the intellectual property rights with the signatory bodies and functions as per the international treaties [53]. The information collected from this site is separately indicated in Table four.Table 3. Vital MAb patents registered for treating COVID-19 [54].Sl No. 1 Patent Quantity WO2009128963 Description Approach of preparation and use of human monoclonal antibodies for neutralizing the action of SARS-CoV. Data about monoclonal antibodies utilised for diagnosis and therapy of SARS-coronavirus-associated illness and Nav1.4 custom synthesis evaluating the efficacy of vaccine or anti-SARS agent. Method of production and use of a monoclonal antibody against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Human monoclonal antibodies to treat the infection in individuals triggered by SARS-associated coronavirus. Production and therapeutic application of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. Production of monoclonal antibodies against the peptides derived from SARS virus E2, N-terminal-alpha helix or C-terminal-alpha helix of virus. Synthesis of a monoclonal antibody targeted against N proteins of SARS coronavirus and testing its clinical use in the therapy of SARS infections. Production and clinical
