his pool, without regard to viral load, for testing with the microfluidic assay. Results of DFA and rapid immunoassay testing that had been performed on specimens as part of routine care at each of the two hospitals were also compared to results obtained from testing of those specimens by our bench top PCR reference standard. While there was some overlap in the 
sample sets, in general, different samples were used to compare each method to bench top RTPCR. Reagents described in the CDC research-use only protocol for real-time PCR of influenza A and B were used in the gold-standard bench top PCR assay. Microfluidic assay: human specimens Results Overview of Experimental Design A total of 626 specimens were collected from two sites during 20082009 and 20092010 influenza seasons. All of the samples were characterized in our laboratory using bench top RT-PCR, which we define here as the reference method. In order to determine the analytical limit of detection for the single use influenza A assay, the microfluidic assay was first tested using a laboratory strain of influenza A. The limit of detection determined using this laboratory strain was 105 copies per milliliter of input sample. Before working with the human samples, the assay was optimized for bovine serum albumin, magnesium ion, and enzyme concentrations in order to push the limit to 104 cp/ml. Next, nasopharyngeal aspirate and nasopharyngeal swab specimens that were collected with Institutional Review Board approval from Disposable Molecular Diagnostic for Influenza A from humans during the same time span of our study, 20082010, in North America from the NCBI’s Influenza Virus Resource database. The sequences were aligned using the Influenza Virus Resource alignment tool. Adenine was found to be a common base at position 199, occurring in 66% of the sequences. Three positions in specimen ID 63 were altered; the same 2/3 variations were observed at low frequency in the database ), however we did not find the third variation, an insertion, in the database. All positive reactions and every 10th negative reaction were verified by 12% PAGE, with RTPCR positive products at 106 bp and negative specimens showing only primer dimers as expected. The microfluidic assay for influenza A did not generate any false positives, including for those specimens shown to be RT-PCR 3 Disposable Molecular Diagnostic for Influenza A positive for influenza B in bench top testing, resulting in a specificity of 100%. For specimens with greater than 105 copies/ ml viral loads, the sensitivity was 100%. Viral load was determined using absolute quantification by real time PCR. The sensitivity MedChemExpress PAK4-IN-1 decreased to 96% when specimens with viral loads down to 103 copies/ml were included. None of the specimens assayed had measured viral loads of less than PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189542 103 copies/ml. Based on all specimens tested in the microfluidic assay, the sensitivity and specificity were 96% and 100%, respectively. As expected, there is significantly higher PCR product yield with increased RNA template input from higher viral loads . Two different specimen types were tested in the microfluidic assay. Similar trends were found for both specimen types, with no observable difference between swab and aspirate samples. Other methods To compare the performance of techniques in clinical use to the bench top RT-PCR performed in our laboratory, we selected additional specimens from our sample library that had been previously tested as part of routine clinical