E attenuated severity of acute GVHD in animal models. Within our knowledge, little is known about the pathobiological roles of AP-1 signaling in GVHD development. Although acute GVHD is considered to be mediated mainly by donor T cells, recent animal studies suggest that B cells might also play an important role in the biology of GVHD [46]. The specific mechanisms of B cells involved in the development of acute GVHD remains in large part unknown until now. Nevertheless, some circumstantial evidence for the pathological role of B cells in acute GVHD comes from clinical reports demonstrating that antiB cell therapy such as rituximab reduced the incidence and severity of acute GVHD [47]. In line with previous studies, our study also showed that the preventive effect of curcumin on acute GVHD might be ML-281 chemical information associated with a change of B cell homeostasis. In the present study, curcumin-treatment on donor splenocytes did not affect the absolute number of CD4+, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and other immune cells including NK cells, HSCs, and DCs in recipients. Our study showed that the inhibitory effects of curcumin on the development of acute GVHD after BMT were associated with altered subset of T and B cells, not associated with absolute number of immune cells. On the other hand, previous studies that Gracillin biological activity identified anti-cancer effects of curcumin have showed its beneficial effect was achieved through induction of T cell apoptosis even in normal T cells via increasing endoplasmic reticulum stress [48?0]. Although there is less research on anticancer effect of curcumin on B cells, curcumin can selectively induce apoptosis of B lymphoma cells [51] and showed antiinflammatory effects through repressing B call-activating factor belonging to the TNF family [52,53]. To our knowledge, this is the first study that shows immunomodulatory effects of curcumin in vivo treatment through the altered subpopulations of B cells, not affecting cell viability. In conclusion, the present report showed that curcumin inhibited alloreactive T cell responses and IFN-c and IL-17 production in vitro. Transplantation of curcumin-treated splenocytes attenuated acute GVHD severity and shifted responses from Th1 to Th2 in vivo. Interestingly, transplantation with curcumintreated splenocytes resulted in the expansion of CD4+ as well as CD8+ Tregs in vivo. Thus, our present observations reveal a promising strategy to prevent lethal acute GVHD through the expansion of Treg cells. Recipient mice transplanted with curcumin-treated splenocytes showed altered B-cell subpopulation, increased immature B cells and reciprocally decreased matureand memory B cells, compared with those transplanted with vehicle-treated splenocytes.Supporting InformationFigure S1 The inhibitory effect of curcumin on alloreactive T cell responses is not associated with apoptosis induction or decreased cell viability. (A) Cell apoptosis analyzed by flow cytometry. The lower left Annexin-V2/ propidium iodide (PI)?represents normal healthy cells. The lower right Annexin-V+/PI?and upper right Annxin-V+/PI+ quadrant represent early and later apoptotic cells, respectively. The upper left quadrant, Annexin-V2/PI+ represent necrotic cells. (B) Cell viability as evaluated with the MTT assay. Values of MTT assay on cell viability after the different treatment with curcumin or DMSO (diluent). Bars are shown as means 6 SEM from at least 3 independent experiments. (TIF)Therapeutic Efficacy of Curcumin in Acute GVHDFigure SEffect of.E attenuated severity of acute GVHD in animal models. Within our knowledge, little is known about the pathobiological roles of AP-1 signaling in GVHD development. Although acute GVHD is considered to be mediated mainly by donor T cells, recent animal studies suggest that B cells might also play an important role in the biology of GVHD [46]. The specific mechanisms of B cells involved in the development of acute GVHD remains in large part unknown until now. Nevertheless, some circumstantial evidence for the pathological role of B cells in acute GVHD comes from clinical reports demonstrating that antiB cell therapy such as rituximab reduced the incidence and severity of acute GVHD [47]. In line with previous studies, our study also showed that the preventive effect of curcumin on acute GVHD might be associated with a change of B cell homeostasis. In the present study, curcumin-treatment on donor splenocytes did not affect the absolute number of CD4+, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and other immune cells including NK cells, HSCs, and DCs in recipients. Our study showed that the inhibitory effects of curcumin on the development of acute GVHD after BMT were associated with altered subset of T and B cells, not associated with absolute number of immune cells. On the other hand, previous studies that identified anti-cancer effects of curcumin have showed its beneficial effect was achieved through induction of T cell apoptosis even in normal T cells via increasing endoplasmic reticulum stress [48?0]. Although there is less research on anticancer effect of curcumin on B cells, curcumin can selectively induce apoptosis of B lymphoma cells [51] and showed antiinflammatory effects through repressing B call-activating factor belonging to the TNF family [52,53]. To our knowledge, this is the first study that shows immunomodulatory effects of curcumin in vivo treatment through the altered subpopulations of B cells, not affecting cell viability. In conclusion, the present report showed that curcumin inhibited alloreactive T cell responses and IFN-c and IL-17 production in vitro. Transplantation of curcumin-treated splenocytes attenuated acute GVHD severity and shifted responses from Th1 to Th2 in vivo. Interestingly, transplantation with curcumintreated splenocytes resulted in the expansion of CD4+ as well as CD8+ Tregs in vivo. Thus, our present observations reveal a promising strategy to prevent lethal acute GVHD through the expansion of Treg cells. Recipient mice transplanted with curcumin-treated splenocytes showed altered B-cell subpopulation, increased immature B cells and reciprocally decreased matureand memory B cells, compared with those transplanted with vehicle-treated splenocytes.Supporting InformationFigure S1 The inhibitory effect of curcumin on alloreactive T cell responses is not associated with apoptosis induction or decreased cell viability. (A) Cell apoptosis analyzed by flow cytometry. The lower left Annexin-V2/ propidium iodide (PI)?represents normal healthy cells. The lower right Annexin-V+/PI?and upper right Annxin-V+/PI+ quadrant represent early and later apoptotic cells, respectively. The upper left quadrant, Annexin-V2/PI+ represent necrotic cells. (B) Cell viability as evaluated with the MTT assay. Values of MTT assay on cell viability after the different treatment with curcumin or DMSO (diluent). Bars are shown as means 6 SEM from at least 3 independent experiments. (TIF)Therapeutic Efficacy of Curcumin in Acute GVHDFigure SEffect of.
