Cannot be explained by the use of anesthesia. A second difference in experimental design between the rat studies and our initial setup, was the site of i.c.v. administration of NPY. Initially, we cannulated the LV in mice for obvious practical reasons, whereas Stafford et al [12] and Bruinstroop et al [19] cannulated the 3V which is more easily accessible in rats. As the third ventricle is located at the base of the hypothalamus, one could speculate that this difference in injection site might interfere with the results obtained. However, whereas 3V NPY also potentlyCentral NPY and Hepatic VLDL Production in 1531364 MiceFigure 3. Lateral ventricle nor peripheral administration of NPY antagonists affects hepatic VLDL production in anesthetized mice. After a 4 hour fast, mice were fully anesthetized and hepatic VLDL production was assessed. Mice received an i.v. injection of Tran35S label (t = 230 min), followed by an injection of tyloxapol (t = 0 min), directly followed by an LV injection of GR231118 (0.5 mg/kg BW) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (control; A ), or by an i.v. injection of PYY3?6 (0.5 mg/kg BW) or PBS (control; D ). Plasma triglyceride (TG) levels were determined at indicated time points (A+D). VLDL-TG production rate was calculated from the slopes of the individual TG-time graphs (B+E). At t = 120 min, mice were exsanguinated and VLDL fractions were isolated from serum by ultracentrifugation. 35S-apoB production was determined by scintillation counting of the isolated VLDL fraction (C+F). Values are means 6 SD (n = 7211). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055217.gincreased food intake (Fig. 4), it still did not affect hepatic VLDLTG nor MedChemExpress GSK -3203591 VLDL-apoB production in our hands (Fig. 5). Interestingly, our group previously reported that LV administration of NPY was able to reverse the inhibition of hepatic VLDLTG production in hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp conditions in mice [13]. This led us to conclude that insulin suppresses hepatic VLDL production at least in part by inhibiting central NPY signaling. Together with the present data, this suggests that in mice, NPY has no direct effect on hepatic VLDL production, whereas it is a downstream mediator in the suppression of hepatic lipid production by insulin. In our study, as in previous studies [15,16], the effects of NPY on food intake were measured in a satiated state. In contrast, hepatic VLDL production was assessed after a period of fasting, both in our study and in the previous rat studies [12,19]. Fasting induces hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression [23]. Consequently, food intake and hepatic VLDL production were assessed during different states of endogenous NPY production, possibly leading to a different degree of sensitivity for exogenous NPY. However, the dose-finding study MedChemExpress Octapressin assessing the effects of both lower and higher dosages of NPY did not reveal any dose affecting hepatic VLDL production. Moreover, antagonizing central NPY signaling by PYY3?6 or an Y1 antagonist also did not affect VLDL production. Collectively, these data further support the notion that in mice, acute modulation of the central NPY system affects food intake but not hepatic VLDL production. In addition to food intake, NPY also regulates hepatic glucose production in a similar fashion in mice and rats [13,24]. Hence, it is tempting to speculate why NPY exerts different effects in rats versus mice on hepatic VLDL production specifically. Based on the reports of Stafford et al [12] and Bruinstroop et al [19], rats.Cannot be explained by the use of anesthesia. A second difference in experimental design between the rat studies and our initial setup, was the site of i.c.v. administration of NPY. Initially, we cannulated the LV in mice for obvious practical reasons, whereas Stafford et al [12] and Bruinstroop et al [19] cannulated the 3V which is more easily accessible in rats. As the third ventricle is located at the base of the hypothalamus, one could speculate that this difference in injection site might interfere with the results obtained. However, whereas 3V NPY also potentlyCentral NPY and Hepatic VLDL Production in 1531364 MiceFigure 3. Lateral ventricle nor peripheral administration of NPY antagonists affects hepatic VLDL production in anesthetized mice. After a 4 hour fast, mice were fully anesthetized and hepatic VLDL production was assessed. Mice received an i.v. injection of Tran35S label (t = 230 min), followed by an injection of tyloxapol (t = 0 min), directly followed by an LV injection of GR231118 (0.5 mg/kg BW) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (control; A ), or by an i.v. injection of PYY3?6 (0.5 mg/kg BW) or PBS (control; D ). Plasma triglyceride (TG) levels were determined at indicated time points (A+D). VLDL-TG production rate was calculated from the slopes of the individual TG-time graphs (B+E). At t = 120 min, mice were exsanguinated and VLDL fractions were isolated from serum by ultracentrifugation. 35S-apoB production was determined by scintillation counting of the isolated VLDL fraction (C+F). Values are means 6 SD (n = 7211). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055217.gincreased food intake (Fig. 4), it still did not affect hepatic VLDLTG nor VLDL-apoB production in our hands (Fig. 5). Interestingly, our group previously reported that LV administration of NPY was able to reverse the inhibition of hepatic VLDLTG production in hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp conditions in mice [13]. This led us to conclude that insulin suppresses hepatic VLDL production at least in part by inhibiting central NPY signaling. Together with the present data, this suggests that in mice, NPY has no direct effect on hepatic VLDL production, whereas it is a downstream mediator in the suppression of hepatic lipid production by insulin. In our study, as in previous studies [15,16], the effects of NPY on food intake were measured in a satiated state. In contrast, hepatic VLDL production was assessed after a period of fasting, both in our study and in the previous rat studies [12,19]. Fasting induces hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression [23]. Consequently, food intake and hepatic VLDL production were assessed during different states of endogenous NPY production, possibly leading to a different degree of sensitivity for exogenous NPY. However, the dose-finding study assessing the effects of both lower and higher dosages of NPY did not reveal any dose affecting hepatic VLDL production. Moreover, antagonizing central NPY signaling by PYY3?6 or an Y1 antagonist also did not affect VLDL production. Collectively, these data further support the notion that in mice, acute modulation of the central NPY system affects food intake but not hepatic VLDL production. In addition to food intake, NPY also regulates hepatic glucose production in a similar fashion in mice and rats [13,24]. Hence, it is tempting to speculate why NPY exerts different effects in rats versus mice on hepatic VLDL production specifically. Based on the reports of Stafford et al [12] and Bruinstroop et al [19], rats.
