Lated (r p ).In a full model taking into consideration how a gene’s rate of molecular evolution depended on its gene expression level, network SMER28 Cancer connectedness, and behavioral category, the biggest effects had been primary effects of expression (z p .) and connectivity (z p ).We also studied the effects of gene category (i.e upregulated in nurses or foragers, or not differentially expressed), expression level, and connectivity on no matter if a given M.pharaonis gene had an identifiable fire ant S.invicta and honey bee A.mellifera orthologs.Overall, genes with orthologs inside the fire ant or honey bee had greater connectivity and expression (Figure , Figure figure supplement).In taking into consideration a model with each key and interaction effects of behavioral category, expression level, and connectivity, connectivity had the strongest effect (glm with quasibinomial residuals t p , for the presence of S.invicta orthologs; t p , for the presence of A.mellifera orthologs), with far more very connected genes getting extra likely to possess an ortholog.There had been also considerably smaller sized interaction effects indicating that nurseupregulated genes had fewer orthologs than expected provided their connectivities (i.e connectivity had a weaker impact on nurseupregulated genes than other genes, Figure and Figure figure supplement ; t Mikheyev and Linksvayer.eLife ;e..eLife.ofResearch articleGenomics and evolutionary biologyFigure .Connectivity, expression, and evolutionary rate for nurseupregulated (blue), foragerupregulated (red), and nondifferentially expressed genes (gray).All round, connectivity and expression are positively correlated (F) and negatively linked with evolutionary rate (D and E), as expected.In the same time, foragerupregulated genes are substantially far more strongly connected while nurseupregulated genes are far more loosely connected in comparison to nondifferentially expressed genes (A); Nurseupregulated genes have a smaller but significant enhance in evolutionary price (C); and both forager and nurseupregulated genes are additional highly expressed than nondifferentially expressed genes (B).The major panels show outcomes for all data, even though the bottom panels show results only for genes with S.invicta orthologs that had estimated evolutionary prices..eLife.p .for S.invicta orthologs; t p .to get a.mellifera orthologs), and foragerupregulated genes had fewer orthologs than expected offered their expression (t p .for S.invicta orthologs; t p .for any.mellifera orthologs; Figure and Figure figure supplement).DiscussionPharaoh ant workers showed a clearly defined agebased transition from nursing to foraging, in terms of each behavioral and transcriptional patterns, with nurses and foragers getting strongly differentiated sets of upregulated genes (Figure).We recovered the frequently observed genomewide connection involving a gene’s rate of molecular evolution, its expression level, and its network PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21488231 connectivity (Krylov et al Hahn and Kern, Jovelin and Phillips, Ramsay et al).Particularly, the rate of molecular evolution (dNdS) also because the likelihood a gene had identified fire ant and honey bee orthologs was negatively correlated with its expression level and connectivity inside coexpression networks, even though expression and connectivity were positively correlated (Figures ,).In addition to these genomewide patterns, nurse and foragerupregulated genes had distinct regulatory and evolutionary patterns relative to every other and to the rest in the transcriptome (Figures ,).Most strikingly, foragerupregu.
