Is at 1 year after PCI in relation to stent inflation pressure (panel A). Estimated cumulative event rates of restenosis in relation to stent inflation pressure (panel B). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056348.gStent Inflation PressureFigure 3. The risk of death at 1 year after PCI in relation to stent inflation pressure (panel A). Estimated cumulative event rates of death in relation to stent inflation pressure (panel B). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056348.gStent Inflation PressureStent Inflation PressureFigure 4. 25033180 Estimated cumulative event rates of stent thrombosis in relation to post-dilatation (panel A). The RR of stent thrombosis of 1.18 (CI 0.95?.32) did not differ statistically between procedures with or without post-dilatation (P = 0.19). Estimated cumulative event rates of restenosis in relation to post-dilatation (panel B). Restenosis occurred more often following post-dilatation compared with procedures where this adjunct was not used (RR 1.22 (CI 1.14?.32) P,0.001). Estimated cumulative event rates of death in relation to post-dilatation (Panel C). The risk of death was lower following post-dilatation (RR 0.81 (CI 0.71?.93) P = 0.003). The numbers at risk are for stent thrombosis and restenosis are identical to Figure 1 and 2 while the numbers at risk for death are identical to Figure 3. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056348.gAtmospheres ?what is the ideal number?In modern PCI malapposition and underexpansion of stents are considered major risk factors for stent thrombosis [12] and this view has been supported by observational MedChemExpress Teriparatide studies using different imaging techniques [13],[14] and confirmed in a case-control study using IVUS [15]. Such findings are probably the main reason for the use of high inflation pressures during stent Fexinidazole supplier implantation despite the lack of documentation from prospective trials. However, there is more to a coronary artery than the interaction between stent and intimal layer. We previously demonstrated that atherosclerotic coronary artery distensibility by balloon inflation is a linear function of pressure at low inflation pressures only and primarily in arteries with concentric lesions [16]. At higher pressures, of relevance for PCI, distensibility was unpredictable. It complicates matters even more for the operator that manufacturer stent balloon compliance charts grossly overestimate the final stent dimensions, as these measurements are typically made in water without the vessel constraint that limits balloon expansion [17]. Very high stent inflation pressures may cause stent edge dissection, coronary rupture, media and intima rupture leading to an increased inflammatory response and higher restenosis rate [18] [19] ?factors that may help to explain our findings in the 22 atm pressure group. Our study identified a possible optimal stent inflation pressure of 20?1 atm during PCI, which was associated with a lower risk of stent thrombosis and restenosis ?a finding that fits well with the studies cited above.patients with diabetes. However, all of these factors were forced into our propensity score method and this considerably reduces the likelihood that this explains our findings. The lower mortality seen with post-dilatation was almost immediate following PCI and there was no additional separation of curves over time (Figure 4C). It is probable that this reflects factors not directly related to post-dilatation and was due to selection bias not accounted for in our Cox proportional hazard regression model. This notio.Is at 1 year after PCI in relation to stent inflation pressure (panel A). Estimated cumulative event rates of restenosis in relation to stent inflation pressure (panel B). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056348.gStent Inflation PressureFigure 3. The risk of death at 1 year after PCI in relation to stent inflation pressure (panel A). Estimated cumulative event rates of death in relation to stent inflation pressure (panel B). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056348.gStent Inflation PressureStent Inflation PressureFigure 4. 25033180 Estimated cumulative event rates of stent thrombosis in relation to post-dilatation (panel A). The RR of stent thrombosis of 1.18 (CI 0.95?.32) did not differ statistically between procedures with or without post-dilatation (P = 0.19). Estimated cumulative event rates of restenosis in relation to post-dilatation (panel B). Restenosis occurred more often following post-dilatation compared with procedures where this adjunct was not used (RR 1.22 (CI 1.14?.32) P,0.001). Estimated cumulative event rates of death in relation to post-dilatation (Panel C). The risk of death was lower following post-dilatation (RR 0.81 (CI 0.71?.93) P = 0.003). The numbers at risk are for stent thrombosis and restenosis are identical to Figure 1 and 2 while the numbers at risk for death are identical to Figure 3. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056348.gAtmospheres ?what is the ideal number?In modern PCI malapposition and underexpansion of stents are considered major risk factors for stent thrombosis [12] and this view has been supported by observational studies using different imaging techniques [13],[14] and confirmed in a case-control study using IVUS [15]. Such findings are probably the main reason for the use of high inflation pressures during stent implantation despite the lack of documentation from prospective trials. However, there is more to a coronary artery than the interaction between stent and intimal layer. We previously demonstrated that atherosclerotic coronary artery distensibility by balloon inflation is a linear function of pressure at low inflation pressures only and primarily in arteries with concentric lesions [16]. At higher pressures, of relevance for PCI, distensibility was unpredictable. It complicates matters even more for the operator that manufacturer stent balloon compliance charts grossly overestimate the final stent dimensions, as these measurements are typically made in water without the vessel constraint that limits balloon expansion [17]. Very high stent inflation pressures may cause stent edge dissection, coronary rupture, media and intima rupture leading to an increased inflammatory response and higher restenosis rate [18] [19] ?factors that may help to explain our findings in the 22 atm pressure group. Our study identified a possible optimal stent inflation pressure of 20?1 atm during PCI, which was associated with a lower risk of stent thrombosis and restenosis ?a finding that fits well with the studies cited above.patients with diabetes. However, all of these factors were forced into our propensity score method and this considerably reduces the likelihood that this explains our findings. The lower mortality seen with post-dilatation was almost immediate following PCI and there was no additional separation of curves over time (Figure 4C). It is probable that this reflects factors not directly related to post-dilatation and was due to selection bias not accounted for in our Cox proportional hazard regression model. This notio.
