Or all types of seasonal influenza, the 16?5 age group had the

Or all types of seasonal influenza, the 16?5 age group had the smallest decline in antibody levels during the pandemic compared to BTZ043 before the outbreak. The 0? age group data is especially valuable because in many studies this data is not available. The median infected cases’ age was around 40 [21,23,24], and the swine flu is understood to spread most virulently among young people. Consistent with our findings, in studies where the kindergarten children’s serological data are available, reports show that the 0? age group is still the primary risk population with the highest antibody response [25,26,27]. This study shows that during the 2009 H1N1 virus pandemic, all other seasonal influenza (A/H3N2, B/Y and B/Y) infections were suppressed. Based on the similarity of antigens between 2009 H1N1 and seasonal H1N1, it was also possible to posit that antibodies against the seasonal H1N1 could cross-react with sH1N1 and protected those exposed to the 2009 sH1N1. A multivariate analysis of 2009 H1N1 antibody titer with the 4 types of seasonal antibody titers resulted that the seasonal H1N1 influenza was the only significant (p-value ,1025) predictor of the pandemic antibody. The immunity generated in those who were newly exposed to the seasonal influenza viruses could possibly have played an MNS chemical information important role in combating the 2009 sH1N1. We have also shown a high antibody response to all seasonal influenza viruses in the 0? age group during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic; hence, vaccination against merely a new strain of flu may not be enough to protect the youngest age group during a new flu epidemic, but should be added to the existing seasonal influenza vaccination. Besides vaccination, extra protection such as early closure of day centers and primary schools should be carried out [28]. In future work, it would be informative to obtain the immunological response to the 2009 H1N1 before, during and after the outbreak, so that the pattern of its association to the seasonal H1N1 antibody could be studied, and prevention procedure, not only to the new influenza, but also to the existing seasonal ones, could be exercised.(DOCX)Table S5 Titre and age distribution of samples in March 2009 for serum antibodies against influenza 1081537 B/ Yamagata by HI. (DOCX) Table S6 Titre and age distribution of samples in March 2009 for serum antibodies against influenza B/ Victoria by HI. (DOCX) Table S7 Titre and age distribution of samples in September 2009 for serum antibodies against seasonal H1N1 by HI. (DOCX) Table S8 Titre and age distribution of samples in September 2009 for serum antibodies against seasonal H3N2 by HI. (DOCX) Table S9 Titre and age distribution of samples in September 2009 for serum antibodies against influenza B/Yamagata by HI. (DOCX) Table S10 Titre and age distribution of samples in September 2009 for serum antibodies against influenza B/Victoria by HI. (DOCX) Table S2009 March H1N1 HI titer distribution. 2009 March H3N2 HI titer distribution. 2009 March B/Y HI titer distribution. 2009 March B/V HI titer distribution. 2009 September H1N1 HI titer distribution. 2009 September H3N2 HI titer distribution. 2009 September B/Y HI titer distribution. 2009 September B/V HI titer distribution.(DOCX)Table S(DOCX)Table S(DOCX)Table S(DOCX)Table S(DOCX)Table SSupporting InformationTable S(DOCX)Table SAge and sex distribution of samples in March,2009. (DOCX)Table S2 Age and sex distribution of samples in(DOCX)Table S(DOCX)September, 2009. (DOCX)Table S3 Titre and.Or all types of seasonal influenza, the 16?5 age group had the smallest decline in antibody levels during the pandemic compared to before the outbreak. The 0? age group data is especially valuable because in many studies this data is not available. The median infected cases’ age was around 40 [21,23,24], and the swine flu is understood to spread most virulently among young people. Consistent with our findings, in studies where the kindergarten children’s serological data are available, reports show that the 0? age group is still the primary risk population with the highest antibody response [25,26,27]. This study shows that during the 2009 H1N1 virus pandemic, all other seasonal influenza (A/H3N2, B/Y and B/Y) infections were suppressed. Based on the similarity of antigens between 2009 H1N1 and seasonal H1N1, it was also possible to posit that antibodies against the seasonal H1N1 could cross-react with sH1N1 and protected those exposed to the 2009 sH1N1. A multivariate analysis of 2009 H1N1 antibody titer with the 4 types of seasonal antibody titers resulted that the seasonal H1N1 influenza was the only significant (p-value ,1025) predictor of the pandemic antibody. The immunity generated in those who were newly exposed to the seasonal influenza viruses could possibly have played an important role in combating the 2009 sH1N1. We have also shown a high antibody response to all seasonal influenza viruses in the 0? age group during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic; hence, vaccination against merely a new strain of flu may not be enough to protect the youngest age group during a new flu epidemic, but should be added to the existing seasonal influenza vaccination. Besides vaccination, extra protection such as early closure of day centers and primary schools should be carried out [28]. In future work, it would be informative to obtain the immunological response to the 2009 H1N1 before, during and after the outbreak, so that the pattern of its association to the seasonal H1N1 antibody could be studied, and prevention procedure, not only to the new influenza, but also to the existing seasonal ones, could be exercised.(DOCX)Table S5 Titre and age distribution of samples in March 2009 for serum antibodies against influenza 1081537 B/ Yamagata by HI. (DOCX) Table S6 Titre and age distribution of samples in March 2009 for serum antibodies against influenza B/ Victoria by HI. (DOCX) Table S7 Titre and age distribution of samples in September 2009 for serum antibodies against seasonal H1N1 by HI. (DOCX) Table S8 Titre and age distribution of samples in September 2009 for serum antibodies against seasonal H3N2 by HI. (DOCX) Table S9 Titre and age distribution of samples in September 2009 for serum antibodies against influenza B/Yamagata by HI. (DOCX) Table S10 Titre and age distribution of samples in September 2009 for serum antibodies against influenza B/Victoria by HI. (DOCX) Table S2009 March H1N1 HI titer distribution. 2009 March H3N2 HI titer distribution. 2009 March B/Y HI titer distribution. 2009 March B/V HI titer distribution. 2009 September H1N1 HI titer distribution. 2009 September H3N2 HI titer distribution. 2009 September B/Y HI titer distribution. 2009 September B/V HI titer distribution.(DOCX)Table S(DOCX)Table S(DOCX)Table S(DOCX)Table S(DOCX)Table SSupporting InformationTable S(DOCX)Table SAge and sex distribution of samples in March,2009. (DOCX)Table S2 Age and sex distribution of samples in(DOCX)Table S(DOCX)September, 2009. (DOCX)Table S3 Titre and.