Lar lavage fluid (BALF) (Fig. 4B). Next, treatment with 800 mg/kg PG for 5 days in tumor-bearing mice also effectively inhibited the NF-kB DNA binding activity both in tumor cells and alveolar macrophages (Fig. 4C). This result suggests that PG has similar effect in inhibiting the NF-kB activation. Next, we asked whether the CDA-2-induced inactivation of NFkB in myeloid cells changes the inflammatory situation in lungs. We characterized inflammatory cells and mediators in lungs of mice subjected to mice cancer model. Total cell number and absolute numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in BALF were significantly decreased 3 and 5 days after 2000 mg/ kg CDA-2 treatment (Fig. 4D) or 5 days after 800 mg/kg PG treatment (Fig. 4E). CDA-2 or PG treatment effectively reduced the Tartrazine site expression of various inflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNAs, such as Il1b, Il6, Kc, Tnfa, Mip1a, and Mcp1 in the lung (Fig. 5A,B). CDA-2 or PG treatment also decreased 22948146 secretion of TNF-a, IL-6, and KC by lung cells (Fig. 5C,D). Theses results suggested that reduction of inflammatory 15481974 reaction by inhibition of NF-kB activation, are likely to be a major tumor-inhibiting mechanism of CDA-2 and PG.reporter plasmid adenovirus. Both of infected BMDMs treatment with UKI-1 web LLC-CM resulted in significant increases in the binding of NF-kB to its DNA consensus sequence, as displayed by an increase in luciferase activation (Fig. 7A). TLR2 infected BMDM showed significant baseline activations of this transcription factor and higher values by LLC-CM compared with the control values (Fig. 7A). Treatment of CDA-2 or PG caused significant decrease of LLC-CM induced NF-kB transactivation in control infected BMDM, whereas there is no change on reporter activity by CDA2 or PG in TLR2 infected cells (Fig. 7A). Consistent with the NFkB transactivation results, these constructs also produced similar effects on expressions of TNFaand IL-6 (Fig. 7B). Thus, TLR2 expression inhibition by CDA-2 and its component PG is required for inactivation of NF-kB in myeloid cells.DiscussionThe main finding of the present study is that CDA-2, a urinary preparation, inhibits lung tumor growth via a myeloid cell intermediate. CDA-2 reduces the inflammation in lung through suppression of NF-kB activation in myeloid cells associating with modulation of TLR2 signaling. The main constituent of CDA-2, PG, is likely to play a pivotal role to anti-tumor effect of CDA-2. This study directly tested the important tumor inhibitory effect of CDA-2 by using experimental lung tumor models. Previous studies had shown that CDA-2 is of potential value as anti-cancer agent [3,7]. CDA-2 has been studied and shown to inhibit the 
growth of human breast cancer cells, glioma cells, and human leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo [3,7]. Clinically, CDA-2 showed significant effects in improving the chemotherapy responses in glioma, hepatoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, and patients with breast cancer [7]. PG is a major bioactive constituent in CDA-2. Previous studies suggest that PG has a potential tumor inhibitory effect, and it also is an important component of antineoplaston AS2-1, a mixture of sodium salts of phenylacetic acid and PG, which is an anti-tumor drug [3,22]. The present data first confirm that CDA-2 treatment directly results in a growth arrest of lung tumor and an extended life span in mice indicating the potent antitumor activity of CDA-2 in inhibiting tumor growth in a dosedependent manner. Both proliferati.Lar lavage fluid (BALF) (Fig. 4B). Next, treatment with 800 mg/kg PG for 5 days in tumor-bearing mice also effectively inhibited the NF-kB DNA binding activity both in tumor cells and alveolar macrophages (Fig. 4C). This result suggests that PG has similar effect in inhibiting the NF-kB activation. Next, we asked whether the CDA-2-induced inactivation of NFkB in myeloid cells changes the inflammatory situation in lungs. We characterized inflammatory cells and mediators in lungs of mice subjected to mice cancer model. Total cell number and absolute numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in BALF were significantly decreased 3 and 5 days after 2000 mg/ kg CDA-2 treatment (Fig. 4D) or 5 days after 800 mg/kg PG treatment (Fig. 4E). CDA-2 or PG treatment effectively reduced the expression of various inflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNAs, such as Il1b, Il6, Kc, Tnfa, Mip1a, and Mcp1 in the lung (Fig. 5A,B). CDA-2 or PG treatment also decreased 22948146 secretion of TNF-a, IL-6, and KC by lung cells (Fig. 5C,D). Theses results suggested that reduction of inflammatory 15481974 reaction by inhibition of NF-kB activation, are likely to be a major tumor-inhibiting mechanism of CDA-2 and PG.reporter plasmid adenovirus. Both of infected BMDMs treatment with LLC-CM resulted in significant increases in the binding of NF-kB to its DNA consensus sequence, as displayed by an increase in luciferase activation (Fig. 7A). TLR2 infected BMDM showed significant baseline activations of this transcription factor and higher values by LLC-CM compared with the control values (Fig. 7A). Treatment of CDA-2 or PG caused significant decrease of LLC-CM induced NF-kB transactivation in control infected BMDM, whereas there is no change on reporter activity by CDA2 or PG in TLR2 infected cells (Fig. 7A). Consistent with the NFkB transactivation results, these constructs also produced similar effects on expressions of TNFaand IL-6 (Fig. 7B). Thus, TLR2 expression inhibition by CDA-2 and its component PG is required for inactivation of NF-kB in myeloid cells.DiscussionThe main finding of the present study is that CDA-2, a urinary preparation, inhibits lung tumor growth via a myeloid cell intermediate. CDA-2 reduces the inflammation in lung through suppression of NF-kB activation in myeloid cells associating with modulation of TLR2 signaling. The main constituent of CDA-2, PG, is likely to play a pivotal role to anti-tumor effect of CDA-2. This study directly tested the important tumor inhibitory effect of CDA-2 by using experimental lung tumor models. Previous studies had shown that CDA-2 is of potential value as anti-cancer agent [3,7]. CDA-2 has been studied and shown to inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells, glioma cells, and human leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo [3,7]. Clinically, CDA-2 showed significant effects in improving the chemotherapy responses in glioma, hepatoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, and patients with breast cancer [7]. PG is a major bioactive constituent 
in CDA-2. Previous studies suggest that PG has a potential tumor inhibitory effect, and it also is an important component of antineoplaston AS2-1, a mixture of sodium salts of phenylacetic acid and PG, which is an anti-tumor drug [3,22]. The present data first confirm that CDA-2 treatment directly results in a growth arrest of lung tumor and an extended life span in mice indicating the potent antitumor activity of CDA-2 in inhibiting tumor growth in a dosedependent manner. Both proliferati.
