uire S phase checkpoint factor for its survival, and progression of DNA replication Role of Asf1 in Genome Stability 11 Role of Asf1 in 
Genome Stability was not affected by the asf1-33 mutation. Unlike the results for other species, Asf1 is not essential during DNA replication in S. pombe. Finally, we found that high copy sim3 suppressed the temperature sensitivity of the asf1-33 mutant. Sim3 is an H3-like CENP-A chaperone that mainly functions to deposit CENP-A at centromeres. Our results showing that Sim3 can replace the function of Asf1 provides genetic evidence that Sim3 has general roles as a histone H3 chaperone in fission yeast, which is consistent with a previous report that Sim3 binds to histone H3. It is interesting to note that the three-dimensional structure of Asf1 and the predicted structure of Sim3 do not resemble each other and that functional similarity between Asf1 and centromere chromatin assembly factors has not been reported in other species. Analysis of the interrelationship between these two histone H3 chaperones is an interesting subject. Histone H3 K56 is acetylated by histone acetyl-transferase Rtt109 by forming a complex with Asf1 and deacetylated by Hst3/Hst4 deacetylase in S. cerevisiae. An in vitro experiment showed that S. pombe Rtt109 homolog displays an Asf1-dependent H3 K56 histone acetyl-transferase activity. An S. pombe hst4 deletion strain showed sensitivity to DNA damaging agent. These results indicated proper regulation of H3 K56 acetylation is important for maintenance of genomic stability in both S. cerevisiae and S. pombe. But an in vivo role of Asf1 on histone acetyl-transferase in S. pombe remains to be elucidated. 12 Role of Asf1 in Genome Stability 13 Role of Asf1 in Genome Stability 14 Role of Asf1 in Genome Stability Acknowledgments We thank Drs. Mohan Balasubramanian, Hisao Masukata, Paul Russell, Fuyuki Ishikawa, Taro Nakamura and National Bio Resource Project /Yeast Genetic Resource Center for providing the yeast strains and S. pombe genomic DNA libraries used in this study. We also thank Drs. Hiroaki Kato, Yasuhiro Matsuo, Tomohiro Kaino, Tsuyoshi Nakagawa, Koji Nishimura, Yukio Nagano, Toyoaki Anai and Keiichi Watanabe, and our all laboratory members PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22181854 for helpful suggestions and technical advice and support. ~~ The spatial organization of cell membrane receptors at intercellular junctions is emerging as an important aspect of many signal transduction processes. One paradigmatic example is T cell activation in which T cell receptors engage their ligands, antigenic peptide loaded major Talampanel chemical information histocompatibility complex proteins, on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. This cell-cell junction, known as the immunological synapse, exhibits an elaborately choreographed spatial reorganization of proteins on multiple length scales, ranging from molecular dimensions to the size of the cell itself. Upon the triggering, T cell receptors collectively nucleate into microclusters of tens to hundreds of molecules together with kinases and adaptor proteins. The signaling clusters are subsequently transported centripetally, ultimately accumulating in the central supramolecular activating complex where signaling is attenuated. Meanwhile, integrins reorganize into a ring structure, forming the peripheral supramolecular activating complex. Interference with protein pattern formation by physically imposed barriers to TCR translocation leads to changes in TCR phosphorylation, duration and magnitude of calcium
