actorial T2D. Given that genome-wide association studies Treatment at the time of ascertainment. ins, insulin; OHA, oral hypoglycaemic agent. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006615.t001 HNF1A Focused Resequencing Coding region Intron 8 Intron 9 Intron 9 Exon 8 Approved cDNA level description c.1623+29C.T c.1769224T.C c.1768+44C.T c.1545G.A Description used in MODY literature IVS8+29C.T IVS9224T.C IVS9+44C.T T515T rs number rs1169304 rs735396 N/A rs61953349 MAF current study 20.1 33.4 4.1 14.6 MAF in population controls 17.9 34.3 4.3 18.3 N/A; not available. Based on screening 350 population controls. Based on screening 1050 population controls. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006615.t002 have already surveyed common variation, our particular focus was on variants of relatively low frequency. If variants in this part of the allele frequency spectrum have effect sizes greater than those so far observed for common variants, they may be responsible for a substantial proportion of the genetic variance of T2D. In our study population, 60 individuals were diagnosed at 38.5 years or younger and the median age of diagnosis was 55. Almost all cases had close relatives with T2D, a feature which is likely to reflect enrichment for medium penetrance variants. Despite these measures, we failed to detect any novel coding variants in the terminal exons of HNF1A and can be 193022-04-7 manufacturer confident that there are no such variants with case allele frequencies exceeding 1.0%. Of course, we 
cannot exclude the possibility that additional low-frequency susceptibility variants will be found in other regions of this gene, nor in other genes known to be causal for monogenic forms of diabetes. Recent advances in high throughput ��nextgeneration��resequencing technologies now make it feasible to deep-resequence multiple genes 1417812 in large numbers of subjects in a cost effective manner, and should enable these broader hypotheses to be tested. Supporting Information 20032260 Acknowledgments The authors thank Mary Selwood & Dr Andrew Farmer for their contribution to the collection of samples used in this study. We acknowledge use of genotype data from the British 1958 Birth Cohort DNA collection and the Warren 2 resource. We would also like to thank Professors Graham Hitman and Mark Walker. Systemic inflammation and immune activation are hallmarks of human immunodeficiency virus infection and even after long term combination antiretroviral treatment some degree of low-grade inflammation persists. As part of the inflammatory response to HIV infection endothelial activation and release of vascular adhesion molecules is seen and several different markers reflecting ongoing inflammation and endothelial activation are increased in HIV infected patients even after long term cART. This low-grade inflammation has been suggested to contribute to the increased incidence of cardiovascular and thromboembolic events in treated HIV infected patients as some inflammatory markers i.e. CRP, fibrinogen, D-dimer, IL-6, sICAM-1, and sE-Selectin have been shown to predict cardiovascular events in HIV infected and uninfected individuals. The present study measured markers of residual inflammation, platelet activation and vascular endothelial activation previously described to be affected by HIV infection and/or predictive for cardiovascular events, and investigated their correlation to viraemia, current CD4 count, and cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of HIV infected patients who have received cART continuously since 199697
