translation of cap-dependent mRNAs encoding cell cycle regulators and anti-apoptotic proteins. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E, which together with eukaryotic initiation factor 4G and eukaryotic initiation factor 4A form the capbinding complex, is frequently overexpressed in human cancer and can cooperate with the Myc oncogene in an experimental lymphoma model. Consequently, drugs targeting eIF4E and other translation factors have received increased attention as possible therapeutic approaches in leukemia and lymphoma. A key upstream regulator of eIF4E is the serine/threonine 519-23-3 kinase mTOR. Elevated mTOR activity is a prominent feature of cancer cells, including hematological malignancies. The mTOR enzyme forms two complexes, TORC1 and TORC2, which are independently regulated and have distinct substrates. One set of important TORC1 substrates are the eIF4E-binding proteins, 4EBP1 and 4EBP2. When dephosphorylated, these proteins suppress cap-dependent translation by sequestering eIF4E. TORC1 phosphorylates 4EBPs to relieve eIF4E inhibition and promote cap-dependent translation. The classical mTOR inhibitor rapamycin functions through an allosteric mechanism. Rapamycin or its analogs form an intracellular gain-of-function complex with FK506 binding protein 12 that disrupts the stability of TORC1 and reduces phosphorylation of certain substrates. 33996-33-7 manufacturer Rapalogs inhibit phosphorylation of S6 kinase very efficiently, but have lesser impact on the phosphorylation of 4EBP1 and 4EBP2 by TORC1. Active-site mTOR inhibitors are a novel class of anticancer drugs that suppress both rapamycin-sensitive and rapamycin- resistant functions of TORC1 and TORC2. In preclinical models of cancer, asTORi produce a stronger cytostatic response than rapamycin and can induce apoptosis especially when combined with other agents. The greater biological effects of asTORi relative to rapamycin have been linked to differential effects on the 4EBP-eIF4E axis. Supporting this correlation, recent studies have shown that reducing the ratio of 4EBP to eIF4E expression in experimental cell lines can increase sensitivity to asTORi. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is a common hematological malignancy for which new therapeutic strategies are needed. Targeting mTOR with asTORi represents a potential new appro
